# Copyright 2009-2015 MongoDB, Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Database level operations."""

import warnings

from bson.code import Code
from bson.codec_options import CodecOptions
from bson.dbref import DBRef
from bson.objectid import ObjectId
from bson.py3compat import iteritems, string_type, _unicode
from bson.son import SON
from pymongo import auth, common
from pymongo.collection import Collection
from pymongo.command_cursor import CommandCursor
from pymongo.errors import (CollectionInvalid,
                            ConfigurationError,
                            InvalidName,
                            OperationFailure)
from pymongo.helpers import _first_batch
from pymongo.read_preferences import ReadPreference
from pymongo.son_manipulator import SONManipulator
from pymongo.write_concern import WriteConcern


def _check_name(name):
    """Check if a database name is valid.
    """
    if not name:
        raise InvalidName("database name cannot be the empty string")

    for invalid_char in [" ", ".", "$", "/", "\\", "\x00"]:
        if invalid_char in name:
            raise InvalidName("database names cannot contain the "
                              "character %r" % invalid_char)


class Database(common.BaseObject):
    """A Mongo database.
    """

    def __init__(self, client, name, codec_options=None,
                 read_preference=None, write_concern=None):
        """Get a database by client and name.

        Raises :class:`TypeError` if `name` is not an instance of
        :class:`basestring` (:class:`str` in python 3). Raises
        :class:`~pymongo.errors.InvalidName` if `name` is not a valid
        database name.

        :Parameters:
          - `client`: A :class:`~pymongo.mongo_client.MongoClient` instance.
          - `name`: The database name.
          - `codec_options` (optional): An instance of
            :class:`~bson.codec_options.CodecOptions`. If ``None`` (the
            default) client.codec_options is used.
          - `read_preference` (optional): The read preference to use. If
            ``None`` (the default) client.read_preference is used.
          - `write_concern` (optional): An instance of
            :class:`~pymongo.write_concern.WriteConcern`. If ``None`` (the
            default) client.write_concern is used.

        .. mongodoc:: databases

        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
           Added the codec_options, read_preference, and write_concern options.
           :class:`~pymongo.database.Database` no longer returns an instance
           of :class:`~pymongo.collection.Collection` for attribute names
           with leading underscores. You must use dict-style lookups instead::

               db['__my_collection__']

           Not:

               db.__my_collection__
        """
        super(Database, self).__init__(
            codec_options or client.codec_options,
            read_preference or client.read_preference,
            write_concern or client.write_concern)

        if not isinstance(name, string_type):
            raise TypeError("name must be an instance "
                            "of %s" % (string_type.__name__,))

        if name != '$external':
            _check_name(name)

        self.__name = _unicode(name)
        self.__client = client

        self.__incoming_manipulators = []
        self.__incoming_copying_manipulators = []
        self.__outgoing_manipulators = []
        self.__outgoing_copying_manipulators = []

    def add_son_manipulator(self, manipulator):
        """Add a new son manipulator to this database.

        **DEPRECATED** - `add_son_manipulator` is deprecated.

        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
          Deprecated add_son_manipulator.
        """
        warnings.warn("add_son_manipulator is deprecated",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        base = SONManipulator()
        def method_overwritten(instance, method):
            """Test if this method has been overridden."""
            return (getattr(
                instance, method).__func__ != getattr(base, method).__func__)

        if manipulator.will_copy():
            if method_overwritten(manipulator, "transform_incoming"):
                self.__incoming_copying_manipulators.insert(0, manipulator)
            if method_overwritten(manipulator, "transform_outgoing"):
                self.__outgoing_copying_manipulators.insert(0, manipulator)
        else:
            if method_overwritten(manipulator, "transform_incoming"):
                self.__incoming_manipulators.insert(0, manipulator)
            if method_overwritten(manipulator, "transform_outgoing"):
                self.__outgoing_manipulators.insert(0, manipulator)

    @property
    def system_js(self):
        """A :class:`SystemJS` helper for this :class:`Database`.

        See the documentation for :class:`SystemJS` for more details.
        """
        return SystemJS(self)

    @property
    def client(self):
        """The client instance for this :class:`Database`."""
        return self.__client

    @property
    def name(self):
        """The name of this :class:`Database`."""
        return self.__name

    @property
    def incoming_manipulators(self):
        """All incoming SON manipulators installed on this instance.

        .. versionadded:: 2.0
        """
        return [manipulator.__class__.__name__
                for manipulator in self.__incoming_manipulators]

    @property
    def incoming_copying_manipulators(self):
        """All incoming SON copying manipulators installed on this instance.

        .. versionadded:: 2.0
        """
        return [manipulator.__class__.__name__
                for manipulator in self.__incoming_copying_manipulators]

    @property
    def outgoing_manipulators(self):
        """List all outgoing SON manipulators
        installed on this instance.

        .. versionadded:: 2.0
        """
        return [manipulator.__class__.__name__
                for manipulator in self.__outgoing_manipulators]

    @property
    def outgoing_copying_manipulators(self):
        """List all outgoing SON copying manipulators
        installed on this instance.

        .. versionadded:: 2.0
        """
        return [manipulator.__class__.__name__
                for manipulator in self.__outgoing_copying_manipulators]

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, Database):
            return (self.__client == other.client and
                    self.__name == other.name)
        return NotImplemented

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self == other

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Database(%r, %r)" % (self.__client, self.__name)

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        """Get a collection of this database by name.

        Raises InvalidName if an invalid collection name is used.

        :Parameters:
          - `name`: the name of the collection to get
        """
        if name.startswith('_'):
            raise AttributeError(
                "Database has no attribute %r. To access the %s"
                " collection, use database[%r]." % (name, name, name))
        return self.__getitem__(name)

    def __getitem__(self, name):
        """Get a collection of this database by name.

        Raises InvalidName if an invalid collection name is used.

        :Parameters:
          - `name`: the name of the collection to get
        """
        return Collection(self, name)

    def get_collection(self, name, codec_options=None,
                       read_preference=None, write_concern=None):
        """Get a :class:`~pymongo.collection.Collection` with the given name
        and options.

        Useful for creating a :class:`~pymongo.collection.Collection` with
        different codec options, read preference, and/or write concern from
        this :class:`Database`.

          >>> db.read_preference
          Primary()
          >>> coll1 = db.test
          >>> coll1.read_preference
          Primary()
          >>> from pymongo import ReadPreference
          >>> coll2 = db.get_collection(
          ...     'test', read_preference=ReadPreference.SECONDARY)
          >>> coll2.read_preference
          Secondary(tag_sets=None)

        :Parameters:
          - `name`: The name of the collection - a string.
          - `codec_options` (optional): An instance of
            :class:`~bson.codec_options.CodecOptions`. If ``None`` (the
            default) the :attr:`codec_options` of this :class:`Database` is
            used.
          - `read_preference` (optional): The read preference to use. If
            ``None`` (the default) the :attr:`read_preference` of this
            :class:`Database` is used. See :mod:`~pymongo.read_preferences`
            for options.
          - `write_concern` (optional): An instance of
            :class:`~pymongo.write_concern.WriteConcern`. If ``None`` (the
            default) the :attr:`write_concern` of this :class:`Database` is
            used.
        """
        return Collection(
            self, name, False, codec_options, read_preference, write_concern)

    def create_collection(self, name, codec_options=None,
                          read_preference=None, write_concern=None, **kwargs):
        """Create a new :class:`~pymongo.collection.Collection` in this
        database.

        Normally collection creation is automatic. This method should
        only be used to specify options on
        creation. :class:`~pymongo.errors.CollectionInvalid` will be
        raised if the collection already exists.

        Options should be passed as keyword arguments to this method. Supported
        options vary with MongoDB release. Some examples include:

          - "size": desired initial size for the collection (in
            bytes). For capped collections this size is the max
            size of the collection.
          - "capped": if True, this is a capped collection
          - "max": maximum number of objects if capped (optional)

        See the MongoDB documentation for a full list of supported options by
        server version.

        :Parameters:
          - `name`: the name of the collection to create
          - `codec_options` (optional): An instance of
            :class:`~bson.codec_options.CodecOptions`. If ``None`` (the
            default) the :attr:`codec_options` of this :class:`Database` is
            used.
          - `read_preference` (optional): The read preference to use. If
            ``None`` (the default) the :attr:`read_preference` of this
            :class:`Database` is used.
          - `write_concern` (optional): An instance of
            :class:`~pymongo.write_concern.WriteConcern`. If ``None`` (the
            default) the :attr:`write_concern` of this :class:`Database` is
            used.
          - `**kwargs` (optional): additional keyword arguments will
            be passed as options for the create collection command

        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
           Added the codec_options, read_preference, and write_concern options.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.2
           Removed deprecated argument: options
        """
        if name in self.collection_names():
            raise CollectionInvalid("collection %s already exists" % name)

        return Collection(self, name, True, codec_options,
                          read_preference, write_concern, **kwargs)

    def _apply_incoming_manipulators(self, son, collection):
        """Apply incoming manipulators to `son`."""
        for manipulator in self.__incoming_manipulators:
            son = manipulator.transform_incoming(son, collection)
        return son

    def _apply_incoming_copying_manipulators(self, son, collection):
        """Apply incoming copying manipulators to `son`."""
        for manipulator in self.__incoming_copying_manipulators:
            son = manipulator.transform_incoming(son, collection)
        return son

    def _fix_incoming(self, son, collection):
        """Apply manipulators to an incoming SON object before it gets stored.

        :Parameters:
          - `son`: the son object going into the database
          - `collection`: the collection the son object is being saved in
        """
        son = self._apply_incoming_manipulators(son, collection)
        son = self._apply_incoming_copying_manipulators(son, collection)
        return son

    def _fix_outgoing(self, son, collection):
        """Apply manipulators to a SON object as it comes out of the database.

        :Parameters:
          - `son`: the son object coming out of the database
          - `collection`: the collection the son object was saved in
        """
        for manipulator in reversed(self.__outgoing_manipulators):
            son = manipulator.transform_outgoing(son, collection)
        for manipulator in reversed(self.__outgoing_copying_manipulators):
            son = manipulator.transform_outgoing(son, collection)
        return son

    def _command(self, sock_info, command, slave_ok=False, value=1, check=True,
                 allowable_errors=None, read_preference=ReadPreference.PRIMARY,
                 codec_options=CodecOptions(), **kwargs):
        """Internal command helper."""
        if isinstance(command, string_type):
            command = SON([(command, value)])
        command.update(kwargs)

        return sock_info.command(self.__name,
                                 command,
                                 slave_ok,
                                 read_preference,
                                 codec_options,
                                 check,
                                 allowable_errors)

    def command(self, command, value=1, check=True,
                allowable_errors=None, read_preference=ReadPreference.PRIMARY,
                codec_options=CodecOptions(), **kwargs):
        """Issue a MongoDB command.

        Send command `command` to the database and return the
        response. If `command` is an instance of :class:`basestring`
        (:class:`str` in python 3) then the command {`command`: `value`}
        will be sent. Otherwise, `command` must be an instance of
        :class:`dict` and will be sent as is.

        Any additional keyword arguments will be added to the final
        command document before it is sent.

        For example, a command like ``{buildinfo: 1}`` can be sent
        using:

        >>> db.command("buildinfo")

        For a command where the value matters, like ``{collstats:
        collection_name}`` we can do:

        >>> db.command("collstats", collection_name)

        For commands that take additional arguments we can use
        kwargs. So ``{filemd5: object_id, root: file_root}`` becomes:

        >>> db.command("filemd5", object_id, root=file_root)

        :Parameters:
          - `command`: document representing the command to be issued,
            or the name of the command (for simple commands only).

            .. note:: the order of keys in the `command` document is
               significant (the "verb" must come first), so commands
               which require multiple keys (e.g. `findandmodify`)
               should use an instance of :class:`~bson.son.SON` or
               a string and kwargs instead of a Python `dict`.

          - `value` (optional): value to use for the command verb when
            `command` is passed as a string
          - `check` (optional): check the response for errors, raising
            :class:`~pymongo.errors.OperationFailure` if there are any
          - `allowable_errors`: if `check` is ``True``, error messages
            in this list will be ignored by error-checking
          - `read_preference`: The read preference for this operation.
            See :mod:`~pymongo.read_preferences` for options.
          - `codec_options`: A :class:`~bson.codec_options.CodecOptions`
            instance.
          - `**kwargs` (optional): additional keyword arguments will
            be added to the command document before it is sent

        .. note:: :meth:`command` does **not** obey :attr:`read_preference`
           or :attr:`codec_options`. You must use the `read_preference` and
           `codec_options` parameters instead.

        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
           Removed the `as_class`, `fields`, `uuid_subtype`, `tag_sets`,
           and `secondary_acceptable_latency_ms` option.
           Removed `compile_re` option: PyMongo now always represents BSON
           regular expressions as :class:`~bson.regex.Regex` objects. Use
           :meth:`~bson.regex.Regex.try_compile` to attempt to convert from a
           BSON regular expression to a Python regular expression object.
           Added the `codec_options` parameter.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.7
           Added `compile_re` option. If set to False, PyMongo represented BSON
           regular expressions as :class:`~bson.regex.Regex` objects instead of
           attempting to compile BSON regular expressions as Python native
           regular expressions, thus preventing errors for some incompatible
           patterns, see `PYTHON-500`_.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.3
           Added `tag_sets` and `secondary_acceptable_latency_ms` options.
        .. versionchanged:: 2.2
           Added support for `as_class` - the class you want to use for
           the resulting documents

        .. _PYTHON-500: https://jira.mongodb.org/browse/PYTHON-500

        .. mongodoc:: commands
        """
        client = self.__client
        with client._socket_for_reads(read_preference) as (sock_info, slave_ok):
            return self._command(sock_info, command, slave_ok, value,
                                 check, allowable_errors, read_preference,
                                 codec_options, **kwargs)

    def _list_collections(self, sock_info, slave_okay, criteria=None):
        """Internal listCollections helper."""
        criteria = criteria or {}
        if sock_info.max_wire_version > 2:
            cmd = SON([("listCollections", 1), ("cursor", {})])
            if criteria:
                cmd["filter"] = criteria
            coll = self["$cmd"]
            cursor = self._command(sock_info, cmd, slave_okay)["cursor"]
            return CommandCursor(coll, cursor, sock_info.address)
        else:
            coll = self["system.namespaces"]
            res = _first_batch(sock_info, coll.full_name,
                               criteria, 0, slave_okay,
                               CodecOptions(), ReadPreference.PRIMARY)
            data = res["data"]
            cursor = {
                "id": res["cursor_id"],
                "firstBatch": data,
                "ns": coll.full_name,
            }
            # Need to tell the cursor how many docs were in the first batch.
            return CommandCursor(coll, cursor, sock_info.address, len(data))

    def collection_names(self, include_system_collections=True):
        """Get a list of all the collection names in this database.

        :Parameters:
          - `include_system_collections` (optional): if ``False`` list
            will not include system collections (e.g ``system.indexes``)
        """
        with self.__client._socket_for_reads(
            ReadPreference.PRIMARY) as (sock_info, slave_okay):

            results = self._list_collections(sock_info, slave_okay)
            names = [result["name"] for result in results]
            if sock_info.max_wire_version <= 2:
                # MongoDB 2.4 and older return index namespaces and collection
                # namespaces prefixed with the database name.
                names = [n[len(self.__name) + 1:] for n in names
                         if n.startswith(self.__name + ".") and "$" not in n]

        if not include_system_collections:
            names = [name for name in names if not name.startswith("system.")]
        return names

    def drop_collection(self, name_or_collection):
        """Drop a collection.

        :Parameters:
          - `name_or_collection`: the name of a collection to drop or the
            collection object itself
        """
        name = name_or_collection
        if isinstance(name, Collection):
            name = name.name

        if not isinstance(name, string_type):
            raise TypeError("name_or_collection must be an "
                            "instance of %s" % (string_type.__name__,))

        self.__client._purge_index(self.__name, name)

        self.command("drop", _unicode(name), allowable_errors=["ns not found"])

    def validate_collection(self, name_or_collection,
                            scandata=False, full=False):
        """Validate a collection.

        Returns a dict of validation info. Raises CollectionInvalid if
        validation fails.

        With MongoDB < 1.9 the result dict will include a `result` key
        with a string value that represents the validation results. With
        MongoDB >= 1.9 the `result` key no longer exists and the results
        are split into individual fields in the result dict.

        :Parameters:
          - `name_or_collection`: A Collection object or the name of a
            collection to validate.
          - `scandata`: Do extra checks beyond checking the overall
            structure of the collection.
          - `full`: Have the server do a more thorough scan of the
            collection. Use with `scandata` for a thorough scan
            of the structure of the collection and the individual
            documents. Ignored in MongoDB versions before 1.9.
        """
        name = name_or_collection
        if isinstance(name, Collection):
            name = name.name

        if not isinstance(name, string_type):
            raise TypeError("name_or_collection must be an instance of "
                            "%s or Collection" % (string_type.__name__,))

        result = self.command("validate", _unicode(name),
                              scandata=scandata, full=full)

        valid = True
        # Pre 1.9 results
        if "result" in result:
            info = result["result"]
            if info.find("exception") != -1 or info.find("corrupt") != -1:
                raise CollectionInvalid("%s invalid: %s" % (name, info))
        # Sharded results
        elif "raw" in result:
            for _, res in iteritems(result["raw"]):
                if "result" in res:
                    info = res["result"]
                    if (info.find("exception") != -1 or
                            info.find("corrupt") != -1):
                        raise CollectionInvalid("%s invalid: "
                                                "%s" % (name, info))
                elif not res.get("valid", False):
                    valid = False
                    break
        # Post 1.9 non-sharded results.
        elif not result.get("valid", False):
            valid = False

        if not valid:
            raise CollectionInvalid("%s invalid: %r" % (name, result))

        return result

    def current_op(self, include_all=False):
        """Get information on operations currently running.

        :Parameters:
          - `include_all` (optional): if ``True`` also list currently
            idle operations in the result
        """
        coll = self.get_collection(
            "$cmd.sys.inprog", read_preference=ReadPreference.PRIMARY)
        if include_all:
            return coll.find_one({"$all": True})
        else:
            return coll.find_one()

    def profiling_level(self):
        """Get the database's current profiling level.

        Returns one of (:data:`~pymongo.OFF`,
        :data:`~pymongo.SLOW_ONLY`, :data:`~pymongo.ALL`).

        .. mongodoc:: profiling
        """
        result = self.command("profile", -1)

        assert result["was"] >= 0 and result["was"] <= 2
        return result["was"]

    def set_profiling_level(self, level, slow_ms=None):
        """Set the database's profiling level.

        :Parameters:
          - `level`: Specifies a profiling level, see list of possible values
            below.
          - `slow_ms`: Optionally modify the threshold for the profile to
            consider a query or operation.  Even if the profiler is off queries
            slower than the `slow_ms` level will get written to the logs.

        Possible `level` values:

        +----------------------------+------------------------------------+
        | Level                      | Setting                            |
        +============================+====================================+
        | :data:`~pymongo.OFF`       | Off. No profiling.                 |
        +----------------------------+------------------------------------+
        | :data:`~pymongo.SLOW_ONLY` | On. Only includes slow operations. |
        +----------------------------+------------------------------------+
        | :data:`~pymongo.ALL`       | On. Includes all operations.       |
        +----------------------------+------------------------------------+

        Raises :class:`ValueError` if level is not one of
        (:data:`~pymongo.OFF`, :data:`~pymongo.SLOW_ONLY`,
        :data:`~pymongo.ALL`).

        .. mongodoc:: profiling
        """
        if not isinstance(level, int) or level < 0 or level > 2:
            raise ValueError("level must be one of (OFF, SLOW_ONLY, ALL)")

        if slow_ms is not None and not isinstance(slow_ms, int):
            raise TypeError("slow_ms must be an integer")

        if slow_ms is not None:
            self.command("profile", level, slowms=slow_ms)
        else:
            self.command("profile", level)

    def profiling_info(self):
        """Returns a list containing current profiling information.

        .. mongodoc:: profiling
        """
        return list(self["system.profile"].find())

    def error(self):
        """**DEPRECATED**: Get the error if one occurred on the last operation.

        This method is obsolete: all MongoDB write operations (insert, update,
        remove, and so on) use the write concern ``w=1`` and report their
        errors by default.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.8
           Deprecated.
        """
        warnings.warn("Database.error() is deprecated",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

        error = self.command("getlasterror")
        error_msg = error.get("err", "")
        if error_msg is None:
            return None
        if error_msg.startswith("not master"):
            # Reset primary server and request check, if another thread isn't
            # doing so already.
            primary = self.__client.primary
            if primary:
                self.__client._reset_server_and_request_check(primary)
        return error

    def last_status(self):
        """**DEPRECATED**: Get status information from the last operation.

        This method is obsolete: all MongoDB write operations (insert, update,
        remove, and so on) use the write concern ``w=1`` and report their
        errors by default.

        Returns a SON object with status information.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.8
           Deprecated.
        """
        warnings.warn("last_status() is deprecated",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

        return self.command("getlasterror")

    def previous_error(self):
        """**DEPRECATED**: Get the most recent error on this database.

        This method is obsolete: all MongoDB write operations (insert, update,
        remove, and so on) use the write concern ``w=1`` and report their
        errors by default.

        Only returns errors that have occurred since the last call to
        :meth:`reset_error_history`. Returns None if no such errors have
        occurred.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.8
           Deprecated.
        """
        warnings.warn("previous_error() is deprecated",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

        error = self.command("getpreverror")
        if error.get("err", 0) is None:
            return None
        return error

    def reset_error_history(self):
        """**DEPRECATED**: Reset the error history of this database.

        This method is obsolete: all MongoDB write operations (insert, update,
        remove, and so on) use the write concern ``w=1`` and report their
        errors by default.

        Calls to :meth:`previous_error` will only return errors that have
        occurred since the most recent call to this method.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.8
           Deprecated.
        """
        warnings.warn("reset_error_history() is deprecated",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

        self.command("reseterror")

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        raise TypeError("'Database' object is not iterable")

    next = __next__

    def _default_role(self, read_only):
        """Return the default user role for this database."""
        if self.name == "admin":
            if read_only:
                return "readAnyDatabase"
            else:
                return "root"
        else:
            if read_only:
                return "read"
            else:
                return "dbOwner"

    def _create_or_update_user(
            self, create, name, password, read_only, **kwargs):
        """Use a command to create (if create=True) or modify a user.
        """
        opts = {}
        if read_only or (create and "roles" not in kwargs):
            warnings.warn("Creating a user with the read_only option "
                          "or without roles is deprecated in MongoDB "
                          ">= 2.6", DeprecationWarning)

            opts["roles"] = [self._default_role(read_only)]

        elif read_only:
            warnings.warn("The read_only option is deprecated in MongoDB "
                          ">= 2.6, use 'roles' instead", DeprecationWarning)

        if password is not None:
            # We always salt and hash client side.
            if "digestPassword" in kwargs:
                raise ConfigurationError("The digestPassword option is not "
                                         "supported via add_user. Please use "
                                         "db.command('createUser', ...) "
                                         "instead for this option.")
            opts["pwd"] = auth._password_digest(name, password)
            opts["digestPassword"] = False

        # Don't send {} as writeConcern.
        if self.write_concern.acknowledged and self.write_concern.document:
            opts["writeConcern"] = self.write_concern.document
        opts.update(kwargs)

        if create:
            command_name = "createUser"
        else:
            command_name = "updateUser"

        self.command(command_name, name, **opts)

    def _legacy_add_user(self, name, password, read_only, **kwargs):
        """Uses v1 system to add users, i.e. saving to system.users.
        """
        user = self.system.users.find_one({"user": name}) or {"user": name}
        if password is not None:
            user["pwd"] = auth._password_digest(name, password)
        if read_only is not None:
            user["readOnly"] = read_only
        user.update(kwargs)

        # We don't care what the _id is, only that it has one
        # for the replace_one call below.
        user.setdefault("_id", ObjectId())
        coll = self.system.users
        if not self.write_concern.acknowledged:
            coll = coll.with_options(write_concern=WriteConcern())
        try:
            coll.replace_one({"_id": user["_id"]}, user, True)
        except OperationFailure as exc:
            # First admin user add fails gle in MongoDB >= 2.1.2
            # See SERVER-4225 for more information.
            if 'login' in str(exc):
                pass
            # First admin user add fails gle from mongos 2.0.x
            # and 2.2.x.
            elif (exc.details and
                  'getlasterror' in exc.details.get('note', '')):
                pass
            else:
                raise

    def add_user(self, name, password=None, read_only=None, **kwargs):
        """Create user `name` with password `password`.

        Add a new user with permissions for this :class:`Database`.

        .. note:: Will change the password if user `name` already exists.

        :Parameters:
          - `name`: the name of the user to create
          - `password` (optional): the password of the user to create. Can not
            be used with the ``userSource`` argument.
          - `read_only` (optional): if ``True`` the user will be read only
          - `**kwargs` (optional): optional fields for the user document
            (e.g. ``userSource``, ``otherDBRoles``, or ``roles``). See
            `<http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/privilege-documents>`_
            for more information.

        .. note:: The use of optional keyword arguments like ``userSource``,
           ``otherDBRoles``, or ``roles`` requires MongoDB >= 2.4.0

        .. versionchanged:: 2.5
           Added kwargs support for optional fields introduced in MongoDB 2.4

        .. versionchanged:: 2.2
           Added support for read only users
        """
        if not isinstance(name, string_type):
            raise TypeError("name must be an "
                            "instance of %s" % (string_type.__name__,))
        if password is not None:
            if not isinstance(password, string_type):
                raise TypeError("password must be an "
                                "instance of %s" % (string_type.__name__,))
            if len(password) == 0:
                raise ValueError("password can't be empty")
        if read_only is not None:
            read_only = common.validate_boolean('read_only', read_only)
            if 'roles' in kwargs:
                raise ConfigurationError("Can not use "
                                         "read_only and roles together")

        try:
            uinfo = self.command("usersInfo", name)
            # Create the user if not found in uinfo, otherwise update one.
            self._create_or_update_user(
                (not uinfo["users"]), name, password, read_only, **kwargs)
        except OperationFailure as exc:
            # MongoDB >= 2.5.3 requires the use of commands to manage
            # users.
            if exc.code in common.COMMAND_NOT_FOUND_CODES:
                self._legacy_add_user(name, password, read_only, **kwargs)
                return
            # Unauthorized. Attempt to create the user in case of
            # localhost exception.
            elif exc.code == 13:
                self._create_or_update_user(
                    True, name, password, read_only, **kwargs)
            else:
                raise

    def remove_user(self, name):
        """Remove user `name` from this :class:`Database`.

        User `name` will no longer have permissions to access this
        :class:`Database`.

        :Parameters:
          - `name`: the name of the user to remove
        """
        try:
            cmd = SON([("dropUser", name)])
            # Don't send {} as writeConcern.
            if self.write_concern.acknowledged and self.write_concern.document:
                cmd["writeConcern"] = self.write_concern.document
            self.command(cmd)
        except OperationFailure as exc:
            # See comment in add_user try / except above.
            if exc.code in common.COMMAND_NOT_FOUND_CODES:
                coll = self.system.users
                if not self.write_concern.acknowledged:
                    coll = coll.with_options(write_concern=WriteConcern())
                coll.delete_one({"user": name})
                return
            raise

    def authenticate(self, name, password=None,
                     source=None, mechanism='DEFAULT', **kwargs):
        """Authenticate to use this database.

        Authentication lasts for the life of the underlying client
        instance, or until :meth:`logout` is called.

        Raises :class:`TypeError` if (required) `name`, (optional) `password`,
        or (optional) `source` is not an instance of :class:`basestring`
        (:class:`str` in python 3).

        .. note::
          - This method authenticates the current connection, and
            will also cause all new :class:`~socket.socket` connections
            in the underlying client instance to be authenticated automatically.

          - Authenticating more than once on the same database with different
            credentials is not supported. You must call :meth:`logout` before
            authenticating with new credentials.

          - When sharing a client instance between multiple threads, all
            threads will share the authentication. If you need different
            authentication profiles for different purposes you must use
            distinct client instances.

        :Parameters:
          - `name`: the name of the user to authenticate.
          - `password` (optional): the password of the user to authenticate.
            Not used with GSSAPI or MONGODB-X509 authentication.
          - `source` (optional): the database to authenticate on. If not
            specified the current database is used.
          - `mechanism` (optional): See
            :data:`~pymongo.auth.MECHANISMS` for options.
            By default, use SCRAM-SHA-1 with MongoDB 3.0 and later,
            MONGODB-CR (MongoDB Challenge Response protocol) for older servers.
          - `authMechanismProperties` (optional): Used to specify
            authentication mechanism specific options. To specify the service
            name for GSSAPI authentication pass
            authMechanismProperties='SERVICE_NAME:<service name>'

        .. versionadded:: 2.8
           Use SCRAM-SHA-1 with MongoDB 3.0 and later.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.5
           Added the `source` and `mechanism` parameters. :meth:`authenticate`
           now raises a subclass of :class:`~pymongo.errors.PyMongoError` if
           authentication fails due to invalid credentials or configuration
           issues.

        .. mongodoc:: authenticate
        """
        if not isinstance(name, string_type):
            raise TypeError("name must be an "
                            "instance of %s" % (string_type.__name__,))
        if password is not None and not isinstance(password, string_type):
            raise TypeError("password must be an "
                            "instance of %s" % (string_type.__name__,))
        if source is not None and not isinstance(source, string_type):
            raise TypeError("source must be an "
                            "instance of %s" % (string_type.__name__,))
        common.validate_auth_mechanism('mechanism', mechanism)

        validated_options = {}
        for option, value in iteritems(kwargs):
            normalized, val = common.validate_auth_option(option, value)
            validated_options[normalized] = val

        credentials = auth._build_credentials_tuple(
            mechanism,
            source or self.name,
            name,
            password,
            validated_options)

        self.client._cache_credentials(
            self.name,
            credentials,
            connect=True)

        return True

    def logout(self):
        """Deauthorize use of this database for this client instance."""
        # Sockets will be deauthenticated as they are used.
        self.client._purge_credentials(self.name)

    def dereference(self, dbref, **kwargs):
        """Dereference a :class:`~bson.dbref.DBRef`, getting the
        document it points to.

        Raises :class:`TypeError` if `dbref` is not an instance of
        :class:`~bson.dbref.DBRef`. Returns a document, or ``None`` if
        the reference does not point to a valid document.  Raises
        :class:`ValueError` if `dbref` has a database specified that
        is different from the current database.

        :Parameters:
          - `dbref`: the reference
          - `**kwargs` (optional): any additional keyword arguments
            are the same as the arguments to
            :meth:`~pymongo.collection.Collection.find`.
        """
        if not isinstance(dbref, DBRef):
            raise TypeError("cannot dereference a %s" % type(dbref))
        if dbref.database is not None and dbref.database != self.__name:
            raise ValueError("trying to dereference a DBRef that points to "
                             "another database (%r not %r)" % (dbref.database,
                                                               self.__name))
        return self[dbref.collection].find_one({"_id": dbref.id}, **kwargs)

    def eval(self, code, *args):
        """Evaluate a JavaScript expression in MongoDB.

        Useful if you need to touch a lot of data lightly; in such a
        scenario the network transfer of the data could be a
        bottleneck. The `code` argument must be a JavaScript
        function. Additional positional arguments will be passed to
        that function when it is run on the server.

        Raises :class:`TypeError` if `code` is not an instance of
        :class:`basestring` (:class:`str` in python 3) or `Code`.
        Raises :class:`~pymongo.errors.OperationFailure` if the eval
        fails. Returns the result of the evaluation.

        :Parameters:
          - `code`: string representation of JavaScript code to be
            evaluated
          - `args` (optional): additional positional arguments are
            passed to the `code` being evaluated
        """
        if not isinstance(code, Code):
            code = Code(code)

        result = self.command("$eval", code, args=args)
        return result.get("retval", None)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """This is only here so that some API misusages are easier to debug.
        """
        raise TypeError("'Database' object is not callable. If you meant to "
                        "call the '%s' method on a '%s' object it is "
                        "failing because no such method exists." % (
                            self.__name, self.__client.__class__.__name__))


class SystemJS(object):
    """Helper class for dealing with stored JavaScript.
    """

    def __init__(self, database):
        """Get a system js helper for the database `database`.

        An instance of :class:`SystemJS` can be created with an instance
        of :class:`Database` through :attr:`Database.system_js`,
        manual instantiation of this class should not be necessary.

        :class:`SystemJS` instances allow for easy manipulation and
        access to server-side JavaScript:

        .. doctest::

          >>> db.system_js.add1 = "function (x) { return x + 1; }"
          >>> db.system.js.find({"_id": "add1"}).count()
          1
          >>> db.system_js.add1(5)
          6.0
          >>> del db.system_js.add1
          >>> db.system.js.find({"_id": "add1"}).count()
          0
        """
        if not database.write_concern.acknowledged:
            database = database.client.get_database(
                database.name, write_concern=WriteConcern())
        # can't just assign it since we've overridden __setattr__
        object.__setattr__(self, "_db", database)

    def __setattr__(self, name, code):
        self._db.system.js.replace_one(
            {"_id": name}, {"_id": name, "value": Code(code)}, True)

    def __setitem__(self, name, code):
        self.__setattr__(name, code)

    def __delattr__(self, name):
        self._db.system.js.delete_one({"_id": name})

    def __delitem__(self, name):
        self.__delattr__(name)

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return lambda *args: self._db.eval(Code("function() { "
                                                "return this[name].apply("
                                                "this, arguments); }",
                                                scope={'name': name}), *args)

    def __getitem__(self, name):
        return self.__getattr__(name)

    def list(self):
        """Get a list of the names of the functions stored in this database."""
        return [x["_id"] for x in self._db.system.js.find(projection=["_id"])]
